diff --git a/mini-nav/scenegraph/__init__.py b/mini-nav/scenegraph/__init__.py
index a94d20e..5adec01 100644
--- a/mini-nav/scenegraph/__init__.py
+++ b/mini-nav/scenegraph/__init__.py
@@ -5,8 +5,24 @@ This module exports the main scenegraph objects for easy import:
 from mini_nav.scenegraph import SimpleSceneGraph, RoomNode, ObjectNode
 """
 
+from .hash_codec import (
+    bits_tensor_to_cam_row,
+    bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes,
+    cam_row_to_hash_bytes,
+    hash_bytes_to_bits_array,
+    hash_bytes_to_cam_row,
+)
 from .objectnode import ObjectNode
 from .roomnode import RoomNode
 from .scenegraph import SimpleSceneGraph
 
-__all__ = ["ObjectNode", "RoomNode", "SimpleSceneGraph"]
+__all__ = [
+    "ObjectNode",
+    "RoomNode",
+    "SimpleSceneGraph",
+    "bits_tensor_to_cam_row",
+    "bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes",
+    "cam_row_to_hash_bytes",
+    "hash_bytes_to_bits_array",
+    "hash_bytes_to_cam_row",
+]
diff --git a/mini-nav/scenegraph/hash_codec.py b/mini-nav/scenegraph/hash_codec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98ce8b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mini-nav/scenegraph/hash_codec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+DEFAULT_HASH_WIDTH = 512
+
+
+def _validate_width(width: int) -> None:
+    if width <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("width must be greater than 0")
+    if width % 8 != 0:
+        raise ValueError("width must be divisible by 8")
+
+
+def _expected_byte_length(width: int) -> int:
+    _validate_width(width)
+    return width // 8
+
+
+def bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits: torch.Tensor, *, width: int = 512) -> bytes:
+    _validate_width(width)
+    flat = bits.detach().cpu().flatten()
+    if flat.numel() != width:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Input tensor must have exactly {width} values, got {flat.numel()}"
+        )
+    bit_array = (flat.numpy() > 0).astype(np.uint8)
+    return np.packbits(bit_array).tobytes()
+
+
+def hash_bytes_to_bits_array(hash_bytes: bytes, *, width: int = 512) -> np.ndarray:
+    expected = _expected_byte_length(width)
+    if len(hash_bytes) != expected:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"hash_bytes must be exactly {expected} bytes, got {len(hash_bytes)}"
+        )
+    byte_array = np.frombuffer(hash_bytes, dtype=np.uint8)
+    return np.unpackbits(byte_array)[:width].astype(np.uint8, copy=False)
+
+
+def hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes: bytes, *, width: int = 512) -> int:
+    expected = _expected_byte_length(width)
+    if len(hash_bytes) != expected:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"hash_bytes must be exactly {expected} bytes, got {len(hash_bytes)}"
+        )
+    return int.from_bytes(hash_bytes, byteorder="big", signed=False)
+
+
+def cam_row_to_hash_bytes(cam_row: int, *, width: int = 512) -> bytes:
+    if not (0 <= cam_row < 1 << width):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"cam_row {cam_row} is out of range [0, 2**{width})"
+        )
+    expected = _expected_byte_length(width)
+    return int(cam_row).to_bytes(expected, byteorder="big", signed=False)
+
+
+def bits_tensor_to_cam_row(bits: torch.Tensor, *, width: int = 512) -> int:
+    hash_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits, width=width)
+    return hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes, width=width)
diff --git a/tests/test_hash_codec.py b/tests/test_hash_codec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..924ab47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_hash_codec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+import torch
+
+
+MINI_NAV_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1] / "mini-nav"
+sys.path.insert(0, str(MINI_NAV_DIR))
+
+from scenegraph.hash_codec import (  # noqa: E402
+    bits_tensor_to_cam_row,
+    bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes,
+    cam_row_to_hash_bytes,
+    hash_bytes_to_bits_array,
+    hash_bytes_to_cam_row,
+)
+
+
+WIDTH = 512
+
+
+def _xnor_score(query_row: int, stored_row: int, *, width: int = WIDTH) -> int:
+    mask = (1 << width) - 1
+    return int((~(query_row ^ stored_row) & mask).bit_count())
+
+
+def _hamming_distance(left: np.ndarray, right: np.ndarray) -> int:
+    return int((left != right).sum())
+
+
+def test_all_zero_hash_roundtrips_through_bytes_and_cam_row():
+    bits = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+
+    hash_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits)
+    cam_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes)
+    roundtrip = cam_row_to_hash_bytes(cam_row)
+
+    assert len(hash_bytes) == WIDTH // 8
+    assert hash_bytes == bytes(WIDTH // 8)
+    assert cam_row == 0
+    assert roundtrip == hash_bytes
+
+
+def test_all_one_hash_roundtrips_through_bytes_and_cam_row():
+    bits = torch.ones(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+
+    hash_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits)
+    cam_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes)
+    roundtrip = cam_row_to_hash_bytes(cam_row)
+
+    assert hash_bytes == b"\xff" * (WIDTH // 8)
+    assert cam_row == (1 << WIDTH) - 1
+    assert roundtrip == hash_bytes
+
+
+def test_first_bit_uses_packbits_high_bit_ordering():
+    bits = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+    bits[0] = 1
+
+    hash_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits)
+    cam_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes)
+
+    assert hash_bytes[0] == 0b10000000
+    assert cam_row == 1 << (WIDTH - 1)
+
+
+def test_last_bit_maps_to_least_significant_cam_row_bit():
+    bits = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+    bits[WIDTH - 1] = 1
+
+    hash_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits)
+    cam_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes)
+
+    assert hash_bytes[-1] == 0b00000001
+    assert cam_row == 1
+
+
+def test_hash_bytes_unpack_to_bits_array_with_packbits_ordering():
+    hash_bytes = bytes([0b10100000]) + bytes((WIDTH // 8) - 1)
+
+    bits = hash_bytes_to_bits_array(hash_bytes)
+
+    assert bits.shape == (WIDTH,)
+    assert bits.dtype == np.uint8
+    assert bits[:4].tolist() == [1, 0, 1, 0]
+    assert bits[4:].sum() == 0
+
+
+def test_bits_tensor_to_cam_row_matches_bytes_conversion():
+    bits = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+    bits[0] = 1
+    bits[7] = 1
+    bits[511] = 1
+
+    hash_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits)
+
+    assert bits_tensor_to_cam_row(bits) == hash_bytes_to_cam_row(hash_bytes)
+
+
+def test_positive_threshold_accepts_bool_and_signed_hash_encodings():
+    bool_bits = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.bool)
+    bool_bits[0] = True
+    signed_bits = torch.full((WIDTH,), -1, dtype=torch.int32)
+    signed_bits[0] = 1
+
+    assert bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bool_bits) == bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(signed_bits)
+
+
+def test_xnor_score_matches_width_minus_hamming_distance():
+    zeros = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+    ones = torch.ones(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+    one_bit_diff = torch.zeros(WIDTH, dtype=torch.int32)
+    one_bit_diff[0] = 1
+
+    zero_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(zeros)
+    one_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(ones)
+    one_diff_bytes = bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(one_bit_diff)
+
+    zero_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(zero_bytes)
+    one_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(one_bytes)
+    one_diff_row = hash_bytes_to_cam_row(one_diff_bytes)
+
+    zero_bits = hash_bytes_to_bits_array(zero_bytes)
+    one_bits = hash_bytes_to_bits_array(one_bytes)
+    one_diff_bits = hash_bytes_to_bits_array(one_diff_bytes)
+
+    assert _hamming_distance(zero_bits, zero_bits) == 0
+    assert _xnor_score(zero_row, zero_row) == WIDTH
+
+    assert _hamming_distance(zero_bits, one_diff_bits) == 1
+    assert _xnor_score(zero_row, one_diff_row) == WIDTH - 1
+
+    assert _hamming_distance(zero_bits, one_bits) == WIDTH
+    assert _xnor_score(zero_row, one_row) == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "bits",
+    [
+        torch.zeros(WIDTH - 1, dtype=torch.int32),
+        torch.zeros(WIDTH + 1, dtype=torch.int32),
+    ],
+)
+def test_bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes_rejects_wrong_width(bits: torch.Tensor):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="exactly 512 values"):
+        bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(bits)
+
+
+def test_hash_bytes_to_bits_array_rejects_wrong_byte_length():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="exactly 64 bytes"):
+        hash_bytes_to_bits_array(bytes(63))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("cam_row", [-1, 1 << WIDTH])
+def test_cam_row_to_hash_bytes_rejects_out_of_range_rows(cam_row: int):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="range"):
+        cam_row_to_hash_bytes(cam_row)
+
+
+def test_width_must_be_divisible_by_eight():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="divisible by 8"):
+        bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes(torch.zeros(7, dtype=torch.int32), width=7)
+
+
+def test_scenegraph_package_exports_hash_codec_helpers():
+    from scenegraph import (  # noqa: PLC0415
+        bits_tensor_to_cam_row as exported_bits_tensor_to_cam_row,
+        bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes as exported_bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes,
+        cam_row_to_hash_bytes as exported_cam_row_to_hash_bytes,
+        hash_bytes_to_bits_array as exported_hash_bytes_to_bits_array,
+        hash_bytes_to_cam_row as exported_hash_bytes_to_cam_row,
+    )
+
+    assert exported_bits_tensor_to_cam_row is bits_tensor_to_cam_row
+    assert exported_bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes is bits_tensor_to_hash_bytes
+    assert exported_cam_row_to_hash_bytes is cam_row_to_hash_bytes
+    assert exported_hash_bytes_to_bits_array is hash_bytes_to_bits_array
+    assert exported_hash_bytes_to_cam_row is hash_bytes_to_cam_row